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Marketing is the process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to meet the needs of a target market in terms of goods and services; [1] [2] potentially including selection of a target audience; selection of certain attributes or themes to emphasize in advertising; operation of advertising campaigns ; attendance at trade shows and public events; design of products and packaging attractive to buyers; defining the terms of sale, such as price , discounts , warranty , and return policy; product placement in media or with people believed to influence the buying habits of others; agreements with retailers, wholesale distributors, or resellers; and attempts to create awareness of , loyalty to , and positive feelings about a brand.

Marketing is typically done by the seller, typically a retailer or manufacturer. Sometimes tasks are contracted to a dedicated marketing firm or advertising agency. More rarely, a trade association or government agency such as the Agricultural Marketing Service advertises on behalf of an entire industry or locality, often a specific type of food e.

Got Milk? It is one of the primary components of business management and commerce. Known as market orientations, they determine how marketers approach the planning stage of marketing.

The marketing mix, which outlines the specifics of the product and how it will be sold, [6] [7] is affected by the environment surrounding the product, [8] the results of marketing research and market research , [9] [10] and the characteristics of the product’s target market.

The term marketing , what is commonly known as attracting customers, incorporates knowledge gained by studying the management of exchange relationships [13] [14] and is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers’ needs and wants. Marketing is currently defined by the American Marketing Association AMA as “the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large”.

The AMA reviews this definition and its definition for “marketing research” every three years. Recent definitions of marketing place more emphasis on the consumer relationship, as opposed to a pure exchange process.

For instance, prolific marketing author and educator, Philip Kotler has evolved his definition of marketing. In , he defined marketing as “satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process”, [17] and in defined it as “the process by which companies engage customers, build strong customer relationships, and create customer value in order to capture value from customers in return”. Besides, customers some definitions of marketing highlight marketing’s ability to produce value to shareholders of the firm as well.

In this context, marketing can be defined as “the management process that seeks to maximise returns to shareholders by developing relationships with valued customers and creating a competitive advantage”. In the past, marketing practice tended to be seen as a creative industry, which included advertising , distribution and selling , and even today many parts of the marketing process e.

The “marketing concept” proposes that to complete its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of potential consumers and satisfy them more effectively than its competitors.

This concept originated from Adam Smith’s book The Wealth of Nations but would not become widely used until nearly years later.

Given the centrality of customer needs, and wants in marketing, a rich understanding of these concepts is essential: [26]. Marketing research , conducted for the purpose of new product development or product improvement, is often concerned with identifying the consumer’s unmet needs. The two major segments of marketing are business-to-business B2B marketing and business-to-consumer B2C marketing. B2B business-to-business marketing refers to any marketing strategy or content that is geared towards a business or organization.

Any company that sells products or services to other businesses or organizations vs. Business-to-consumer marketing, or B2C marketing, refers to the tactics and strategies in which a company promotes its products and services to individual people.

Traditionally, this could refer to individuals shopping for personal products in a broad sense. More recently the term B2C refers to the online selling of consumer products. Consumer-to-business marketing or C2B marketing is a business model where the end consumers create products and services which are consumed by businesses and organizations. It is diametrically opposed to the popular concept of B2C or Business- to- Consumer where the companies make goods and services available to the end consumers.

In this type of business model, businesses profit from consumers’ willingness to name their own price or contribute data or marketing to the company, while consumers benefit from flexibility, direct payment, or free or reduced-price products and services.

One of the major benefit of this type of business model is that it offers a company a competitive advantage in the market. Customer to customer marketing or C2C marketing represents a market environment where one customer purchases goods from another customer using a third-party business or platform to facilitate the transaction. C2C companies are a new type of model that has emerged with e-commerce technology and the sharing economy.

The main differences in these markets are demand, purchasing volume, number of customers, customer concentration, distribution, buying nature, buying influences, negotiations, reciprocity, leasing and promotional methods. A marketing orientation has been defined as a “philosophy of business management. A marketing mix is a foundational tool used to guide decision making in marketing.

The marketing mix represents the basic tools that marketers can use to bring their products or services to the market. They are the foundation of managerial marketing and the marketing plan typically devotes a section to the marketing mix. The traditional marketing mix refers to four broad levels of marketing decision, namely: product , price , promotion , and place.

One of the limitations of the 4Ps approach is its emphasis on an inside-out view. Marketing’s task then becomes one of “selling” the organization’s products and messages to the “outside” or external stakeholders. From a model-building perspective, the 4 Ps has attracted a number of criticisms. Well-designed models should exhibit clearly defined categories that are mutually exclusive, with no overlap. Yet, the 4 Ps model has extensive overlapping problems. Several authors stress the hybrid nature of the fourth P, mentioning the presence of two important dimensions, “communication” general and informative communications such as public relations and corporate communications and “promotion” persuasive communications such as advertising and direct selling.

Certain marketing activities, such as personal selling, may be classified as either promotion or as part of the place i. Other important criticisms include that the marketing mix lacks a strategic framework and is, therefore, unfit to be a planning instrument, particularly when uncontrollable, external elements are an important aspect of the marketing environment. To overcome the deficiencies of the 4P model, some authors have suggested extensions or modifications to the original model. Extensions of the four P’s are often included in cases such as services marketing where unique characteristics i.

Other extensions have been found necessary for retail marketing, industrial marketing, and internet marketing. In response to environmental and technological changes in marketing, as well as criticisms towards the 4Ps approach, the 4Cs has emerged as a modern marketing mix model.

The consumer refers to the person or group that will acquire the product. This aspect of the model focuses on fulfilling the wants or needs of the consumer. Cost refers to what is exchanged in return for the product.

Cost mainly consists of the monetary value of the product. Cost also refers to anything else the consumer must sacrifice to attain the product, such as time or money spent on transportation to acquire the product. Like “Place” in the 4Ps model, convenience refers to where the product will be sold. This, however, not only refers to physical stores but also whether the product is available in person or online.

The convenience aspect emphasizes making it as easy as possible for the consumer to attain the product, thus making them more likely to do so.

Like “Promotion” in the 4Ps model, communication refers to how consumers find out about a product. Unlike promotion, communication not only refers to the one-way communication of advertising, but also the two-way communication available through social media. A firm’s marketing environment consists of three main areas, which are:. Marketing research is a systematic process of analyzing data that involves conducting research to support marketing activities and the statistical interpretation of data into information.

This information is then used by managers to plan marketing activities, gauge the nature of a firm’s marketing environment and to attain information from suppliers. A distinction should be made between marketing research and market research. Market research involves gathering information about a particular target market. As an example, a firm may conduct research in a target market, after selecting a suitable market segment.

In contrast, marketing research relates to all research conducted within marketing. Market research is a subset of marketing research. Marketing researchers use statistical methods such as quantitative research , qualitative research , hypothesis tests , Chi-square tests , linear regression , correlation coefficients , frequency distributions , Poisson and binomial distributions , etc.

Market segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous market for a product and dividing it into several sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Thus, it must make choices and appreciate the related costs in servicing specific groups of consumers. Moreover, with more diversity in the tastes of modern consumers, firms are noting the benefit of servicing a multiplicity of new markets.

Commonly used criteria include:. Once a segment has been identified to target, a firm must ascertain whether the segment is beneficial for them to service. The DAMP acronym is used as criteria to gauge the viability of a target market. The elements of DAMP are:. The next step in the targeting process is the level of differentiation involved in a segment serving. Three modes of differentiation exist, which are commonly applied by firms.

These are:. Positioning concerns how to position a product in the minds of consumers and inform what attributes differentiate it from the competitor’s products. A firm often performs this by producing a perceptual map, which denotes similar products produced in the same industry according to how consumers perceive their price and quality.

From a product’s placing on the map, a firm would tailor its marketing communications to meld with the product’s perception among consumers and its position among competitors’ offering.

The promotional mix outlines how a company will market its product. It consists of five tools: personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, advertising and social media. The area of marketing planning involves forging a plan for a firm’s marketing activities. A marketing plan can also pertain to a specific product, as well as to an organization’s overall marketing strategy. An organization’s marketing planning process is derived from its overall business strategy.

As stated previously, the senior management of a firm would formulate a general business strategy for a firm. However, this general business strategy would be interpreted and implemented in different contexts throughout the firm. At the corporate level, marketing objectives are typically broad-based in nature, and pertain to the general vision of the firm in the short, medium or long-term.

The SBU would embrace the corporate strategy, and attune it to its own particular industry. For instance, an SBU may partake in the sports goods industry. It thus would ascertain how it would attain additional sales of sports goods, in order to satisfy the overall business strategy. The functional level relates to departments within the SBUs, such as marketing, finance, HR, production, etc.

The functional level would adopt the SBU’s strategy and determine how to accomplish the SBU’s own objectives in its market. To use the example of the sports goods industry again, the marketing department would draw up marketing plans, strategies and communications to help the SBU achieve its marketing aims.

The product life cycle PLC is a tool used by marketing managers to gauge the progress of a product, especially relating to sales or revenue accrued over time.

 
 

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Aesthetically similar to its predecessor, iOS 11 , it focuses more on performance than on new features, quality improvements and security updates. Security updates for iOS 12 continued for three years following the release of iOS 13 for devices unable to run the newer operating system. Security updates then ceased for iOS 12, making Legend: Past Current Beta. Performance optimizations were made in order to speed up common tasks across all supported iOS devices. Screen Time is a new feature in iOS 12 that records the amount of time a user spent on the device.

The feature also displays the amount of time the user used particular apps, [33] the amount of time the user used particular categories of apps such as games , [34] and the number of notifications the user received. Screen Time also provides blocking features to limit usage of apps with time limits or set other restrictions such as on purchases or explicit content.

It replaces Restrictions in the iOS Settings app, but can also be used by adults to limit their own usage. These features can be used with or without a passcode. Without setting a passcode, the limits can easily be bypassed but may serve as a useful reminder of usage goals.

A dedicated application in iOS 12 allows users to set up Shortcuts, automated actions that the user can ask Siri to perform. Once they tell the phrase to Siri, Siri will automatically do the task they set for it in the Shortcuts app.

The Shortcuts app replaces the Workflow app [37] that Apple acquired in March ARKit now allows users to share their view with other iOS supported devices. CarPlay can now run third-party navigation applications.

The Voice Memos and Stocks apps are now available for iPads. Control Center is separated from the app switcher on iPad and can be opened with a swipe down on the top right corner. The status bar has been redesigned, and in addition, iPhone X -style gestures are introduced across all iPads running iOS In iOS 12, the trackpad mode which allows the user to freely move the cursor is enabled by long-pressing the space bar on devices without 3D Touch.

For devices with gesture navigation and no home button iPhone X and later , users can now force quit applications by swiping up from the bottom of the screen without having to press and hold on them when in the app switcher. On December 14, , Apple released iOS Messages in iOS 12 introduces a new type of customizable Animoji called “Memoji” which allows a user to create a 3D character of themselves.

FaceTime gains support for Animoji and Memoji, as well as new text and GIF effects similar to those found on other social media applications and in the Messages application. Group FaceTime remains disabled on devices running iOS 12 that are affected by the bug.

Measure is a native AR application that allows the user to take measurements of real objects. It also works as a level , [32] a feature that was originally packaged as part of the Compass app. While the “Photos” and “Albums” tabs received only a few cosmetic changes, the “Search” tab includes new Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning features which show the user photos by place and categories e.

Notifications are now grouped by application and have a “manage” button to turn off notifications for that app or to deliver them quietly right from the Notification Center without having to go into the Settings application. Do Not Disturb gives users more options for automation. Users can hide notifications indefinitely or scheduled like previously, but can also hide notifications for 1 hour, until a time of day, until leaving a location, or until the end of a scheduled event in Calendar.

Voice Memos and Stocks are supported on iPad, and have a newer design. Stocks was integrated with Apple News to show financial and other related news. Safari receives an update to Intelligent Tracking Prevention. This includes a feature which allows the user to disable social media “like” and “share” buttons.

Apple Maps had started to be rebuilt from the ground up by relying on first-party map data instead of using map data provided by third parties. This allows for more accurate directions and predictions on the fastest routes.

After a rainbow flag emoji with an interdictory sign over it appeared on Twitter , several users accused Apple of encouraging anti-LGBT attitudes.

However, Emojipedia has clarified that this occurs when a user tweets the two emojis together and is not an intended feature. This can be used with other emojis as well.

A FaceTime issue impacting several versions of iOS 12 versions Any device that supports iOS 11 can be upgraded to iOS These are the list of the devices that support iOS From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Twelfth major release of iOS, the mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc.

Main article: Measure Apple. Retrieved September 23, Apple Developer. Apple Inc. September 23, Retrieved Retrieved November 18, Apple Support. The Verge. Archived from the original on November 15, Apple told me that the forthcoming iOS Retrieved April 28, Retrieved September 26, Retrieved October 28, December 10, Retrieved December 10, Retrieved January 28, Apple has also released an iOS Retrieved March 24, Retrieved July 15, Retrieved November 5, Retrieved December 14, Retrieved January 11, Ars Technica.

Retrieved September 18, Retrieved 4 June USA Today. Vox Media. Retrieved September 17, CNN Money. PMID S2CID Archived from the original on 19 May Retrieved 22 May October 30, How do you find your direction and level surfaces using your iPhone? With the built-in Compass app! Six Colors. Retrieved 20 February Fast Company. The Daily Dot. Retrieved 24 May Retrieved March 11, History Issues Outline. Italics denote upcoming products Category.

Darwin – derived operating systems. Mac OS X Server 1. Derived from Mac OS X Derived from iOS 4—8: 4 5 6 7. Derived from iOS 9— 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Derived from iOS 13 14 15 Derived from iOS 8— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. Derived from watchOS: 1 2. OpenDarwin PureDarwin.

 

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Exceptions & Notes: General: V11 supports bit only. Logic On macOS and , plugins that have an expand/collapse function may cause a graphic glitch when expanded or collapsed. We are working on a fix for this . 10 GB of free hard disk space; Calibrated monitor with x, bit resolution at 96dpi; macOS , macOS 11, macOS 12* There you will find the license key for your Capture One Pro 10 perpetual license which you can use to activate software. Please, refer to this article. Infiltration practices are defined as practices that capture and temporarily store the design storm volume before allowing it to infiltrate into the soil over a two day period. Design variants include: Infiltration Trench; Infiltration Basin; .